AgentSkillsCN

five-whys

运用“五问法”开展根本原因分析。当您需要排查问题、调试故障、理解失败根源、剖析用户流失，或探寻各类问题背后的深层成因时，此方法将助您抽丝剥茧、直击要害。

SKILL.md
--- frontmatter
name: five-whys
description:
  Conduct root cause analysis using the Five Whys technique. Use when
  investigating problems, debugging issues, understanding failures, analyzing
  churn, or finding the underlying cause of any issue.

Five Whys - Root Cause Analysis

Systematic guide to uncovering root causes through iterative questioning, originally developed by Sakichi Toyoda for Toyota Motor Corporation.

When to Use This Skill

  • •Investigating recurring problems
  • •Debugging system failures
  • •Understanding customer churn
  • •Analyzing project delays or budget overruns
  • •Post-mortem analysis
  • •Process improvement initiatives

Core Concepts

The Method

code
Problem Statement
    ↓
Why? → Answer 1
    ↓
Why? → Answer 2
    ↓
Why? → Answer 3
    ↓
Why? → Answer 4
    ↓
Why? → Answer 5
    ↓
Root Cause Identified
    ↓
Solution Implementation

Key Principles

PrincipleDescription
Facts over assumptionsBase questions on data, not guesses
Systems over individualsFocus on process failures, not blame
FlexibilityGo beyond 5 questions if needed
VerificationValidate findings with evidence

Questioning Techniques

Standard Approach

For each iteration, ask:

  • •Why did this happen?
  • •What caused this situation?
  • •What led to this outcome?

Alternative Phrasing (Less Confrontational)

When direct "why" questions feel threatening, use softer alternatives:

Root Cause Investigation

Instead of...Try...
Why did this happen?What was going on when this happened?
Why did you do that?What were you trying to accomplish?
Why is this broken?How do you suppose we ended up here?

Understanding Motivation

Instead of...Try...
Why do you want this?What happens if we don't get this done?
Why does this matter?What problems does this solve?
Why is this urgent?What do you think will happen if we delay?

Understanding Decisions

Instead of...Try...
Why did leadership decide this?What were the reasons we went this direction?
Why this approach?How do you see this working long term?

Analysis Framework

Step 1: Define the Problem

Be specific and measurable:

code
❌ Bad:  "The system is slow"
✅ Good: "Page load time increased from 2s to 8s after the March release"

❌ Bad:  "Customers are unhappy"
✅ Good: "Customer churn increased by 40% over three months"

Step 2: Iterate Through Whys

Document each level clearly:

code
Problem: Customer churn increased by 40%

1. Why? → Customers canceling after free trial
2. Why? → Not seeing enough value during trial
3. Why? → Not completing the onboarding process
4. Why? → Onboarding too complex, requires too much setup
5. Why? → Product lacks automation and intelligent defaults

Root Cause: Poor onboarding experience due to lack of automation

Step 3: Identify Solutions

Target the root cause, not symptoms:

code
Symptom-level fix (avoid):
├── Offer discounts to retain customers
└── Send more reminder emails

Root cause fix (preferred):
├── Build automated data import
├── Create intelligent defaults by industry
├── Simplify onboarding to 3 steps
└── Add progress indicators

Output Template

After completing analysis, document as:

markdown
## Five Whys Analysis

**Problem Statement:** [Clear, measurable problem description]

**Analysis Date:** [Date]

**Participants:** [Who was involved]

### Question Chain

1. **Why?** [First answer with evidence]
2. **Why?** [Second answer with evidence]
3. **Why?** [Third answer with evidence]
4. **Why?** [Fourth answer with evidence]
5. **Why?** [Fifth answer with evidence]

### Root Cause

[Identified root cause - the systemic issue to address]

### Recommended Solutions

| Priority | Solution     | Expected Impact | Effort   |
| -------- | ------------ | --------------- | -------- |
| High     | [Solution 1] | [Impact]        | [Effort] |
| Medium   | [Solution 2] | [Impact]        | [Effort] |
| Low      | [Solution 3] | [Impact]        | [Effort] |

### Success Metrics

- [How will we measure if the solution worked?]

Classic Examples

Manufacturing Example (Toyota Original)

code
Problem: Machine stopped operating

1. Why? → Motor overheated
2. Why? → Wasn't lubricated enough
3. Why? → Oil pump failed
4. Why? → Filter was clogged
5. Why? → No regular maintenance schedule

Root Cause: Lack of preventive maintenance procedures
Solution: Implement maintenance schedule and checklist

SaaS Example

code
Problem: Customer churn increased 40%

1. Why? → Customers canceling after free trial
2. Why? → Not seeing enough value during trial
3. Why? → Not completing onboarding
4. Why? → Onboarding too complex
5. Why? → Lacks automation and smart defaults

Root Cause: Poor onboarding experience
Solutions:
- Automated data import from popular tools
- Intelligent defaults based on industry
- Simplified 3-step onboarding
- In-app progress indicators

Result: 60% decrease in churn, 35% increase in trial conversion

Software Bug Example

code
Problem: Production API returning 500 errors

1. Why? → Database queries timing out
2. Why? → Query taking 30+ seconds
3. Why? → Missing index on frequently queried column
4. Why? → Index was dropped during migration
5. Why? → Migration script lacked index recreation step

Root Cause: Incomplete migration testing process
Solutions:
- Add index verification to migration checklist
- Implement automated index coverage tests
- Create pre-production performance benchmarks

Best Practices

Do

  • •Use data - Support answers with evidence and metrics
  • •Involve diverse perspectives - Different viewpoints reduce blind spots
  • •Focus on systems - Ask "what process failed?" not "who failed?"
  • •Document everything - Create audit trail for future reference
  • •Verify root cause - Test that fixing it would prevent recurrence

Avoid

  • •Stopping too early - Surface answers are usually symptoms
  • •Personal blame - "John made a mistake" is never the root cause
  • •Single path - Complex problems may have multiple root causes
  • •Assumptions - Always verify with data
  • •Skipping steps - Each "why" should logically follow the previous

Communication Tips

  • •Give people time to respond - embrace silence
  • •Ask one question at a time
  • •Resist the urge to clarify before they answer
  • •Focus on curiosity rather than interrogation
  • •Frame as collaborative problem-solving

Integration with Other Methods

The Five Whys works well alongside:

MethodCombined Use
KaizenContinuous improvement cycles
Six SigmaDMAIC problem-solving
Fishbone DiagramVisualizing multiple cause categories
Pareto AnalysisPrioritizing which problems to analyze
Post-mortemIncident review sessions

Resources